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Michael Cohen loses court motion after lawyer cited AI-invented cases

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 9:28pm
Michael Cohen photographed outside while walking toward a courthouse.

Enlarge / Michael Cohen, former personal lawyer to former US President Donald Trump, arrives at federal court in New York on December 14, 2023. (credit: Getty Images | Bloomberg)

A federal judge decided not to sanction Michael Cohen and his lawyer for a court filing that included three fake citations generated by the Google Bard AI tool.

Cohen's lawyer, David M. Schwartz, late last year filed the court brief that cites three cases that do not exist. It turned out that Cohen passed the fake cases along to Schwartz, who didn't do a fact-check before submitting them as part of a motion in US District Court for the Southern District of New York.

US District Judge Jesse Furman declined to impose sanctions on either Cohen or Schwartz in a ruling issued today. But there was bad news for Cohen because Furman denied a motion for early termination of his supervised release.

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Nvidia announces “moonshot” to create embodied human-level AI in robot form

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 9:21pm
An illustration of a humanoid robot created by Nvidia.

Enlarge / An illustration of a humanoid robot created by Nvidia. (credit: Nvidia)

In sci-fi films, the rise of humanlike artificial intelligence often comes hand in hand with a physical platform, such as an android or robot. While the most advanced AI language models so far seem mostly like disembodied voices echoing from an anonymous data center, they might not remain that way for long. Some companies like Google, Figure, Microsoft, Tesla, Boston Dynamics, and others are working toward giving AI models a body. This is called "embodiment," and AI chipmaker Nvidia wants to accelerate the process.

"Building foundation models for general humanoid robots is one of the most exciting problems to solve in AI today," said Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang in a statement. Huang spent a portion of Nvidia's annual GTC conference keynote on Monday going over Nvidia's robotics efforts. "The next generation of robotics will likely be humanoid robotics," Huang said. "We now have the necessary technology to imagine generalized human robotics."

To that end, Nvidia announced Project GR00T, a general-purpose foundation model for humanoid robots. As a type of AI model itself, Nvidia hopes GR00T (which stands for "Generalist Robot 00 Technology" but sounds a lot like a famous Marvel character) will serve as an AI mind for robots, enabling them to learn skills and solve various tasks on the fly. In a tweet, Nvidia researcher Linxi "Jim" Fan called the project "our moonshot to solve embodied AGI in the physical world."

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New EPA, DOE fuel regs give automakers longer to reduce CO2 emissions

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 9:08pm
An EV charger and a fuel container on a balance

Enlarge (credit: Aurich Lawson | Getty Images)

This week, the US Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency have published new fuel efficiency rules that will go into effect in 2026. The rules favor both battery-electric vehicles and also plug-in hybrid EVs, but not to the degree as proposed by each agency last April.

Those would have required automakers to sell four times as many electric vehicles as they do now. This was met with a rare display of solidarity across the industry—automakers, workers, and dealers all called on the White House to slow its approach.

Under the 2023 proposals, the DOE would change the way that Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations are calculated for model years 2027-2032 (which would take place from partway through calendar-year 2026 until sometime in calendar-year 2031), and the EPA would implement tougher vehicle emissions standards for light- and medium-duty vehicles for the same time period.

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Google balks at $270M fine after training AI on French news sites’ content

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 8:53pm
Google balks at $270M fine after training AI on French news sites’ content

Enlarge (credit: ALAIN JOCARD / Contributor | AFP)

Google has agreed to pay 250 million euros (about $273 million) to settle a dispute in France after breaching years-old commitments to inform and pay French news publishers when referencing and displaying content in both search results and when training Google's AI-powered chatbot, Gemini.

According to France's competition watchdog, the Autorité de la Concurrence (ADLC), Google dodged many commitments to deal with publishers fairly. Most recently, it never notified publishers or the ADLC before training Gemini (initially launched as Bard) on publishers' content or displaying content in Gemini outputs. Google also waited until September 28, 2023, to introduce easy options for publishers to opt out, which made it impossible for publishers to negotiate fair deals for that content, the ADLC found.

"Until this date, press agencies and publishers wanting to opt out of this use had to insert an instruction opposing any crawling of their content by Google, including on the Search, Discover and Google News services," the ADLC noted, warning that "in the future, the Autorité will be particularly attentive as regards the effectiveness of opt-out systems implemented by Google."

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Alien: Romulus teaser has all the right elements to pique our interest

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 8:14pm

The long-standing science fiction franchise looks to be returning to its horror roots with Alien: Romulus.

We learned way back in 2019 that horror director Fede Alvarez (Don't Breathe, Evil Dead) would be tackling a new standalone film in the Alien franchise. Personally, I had mixed feelings on the heels of the disappointing Prometheus (2012) and Alien: Covenant (2017). But the involvement of Alvarez was a hint that perhaps the franchise was returning to its stripped-down space horror roots. Now we have the first teaser for Alien: Romulus, and yep—that seems to be the case. And that's very good news for those of us who adored the original Alien (1979) and its terrifying sequel, Aliens (1986).

(Spoilers for Alien and Aliens below.)

Alien: Romulus is set between the events of Alien and Aliens. That is, after Ripley, as sole survivor of the Nostromo, destroyed the killer Xenomorph and launched herself into space in the ship's lifeboat—along with the ginger cat, Jonesy—and before she woke up after 57 years in hyper sleep and battled more Xenomorphs while protecting the young orphan, Newt. Per the official premise: "While scavenging the deep ends of a derelict space station, a group of young space colonizers come face to face with the most terrifying life form in the universe."

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Google reshapes Fitbit in its image as users allege “planned obsolescence”

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 7:57pm
Product render of Fitbit Charge 5 in Lunar White and Soft Gold.

Enlarge / Google Fitbit's Charge 5. (credit: Fitbit)

Google closed its Fitbit acquisition in 2021. Since then, the tech behemoth has pushed numerous changes to the wearable brand, including upcoming updates announced this week. While Google reshapes its fitness tracker business, though, some long-time users are regretting their Fitbit purchases and questioning if Google’s practices will force them to purchase their next fitness tracker elsewhere.

Generative AI coming to Fitbit (of course)

As is becoming common practice with consumer tech announcements of late, Google's latest announcements about Fitbit seemed to be trying to convince users of the wonders of generative AI and how that will change their gadgets for the better. In a blog post yesterday, Dr. Karen DeSalvo, Google's chief health officer, announced that Fitbit Premium subscribers would be able to test experimental AI features later this year (Google hasn't specified when).

"You will be able to ask questions in a natural way and create charts just for you to help you understand your own data better. For example, you could dig deeper into how many active zone minutes... you get and the correlation with how restorative your sleep is," she wrote.

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Pixel 8a rumors list 120 Hz display, DisplayPort compatibility

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 7:45pm
OnLeak's Pixel 8a render.

Enlarge / OnLeak's Pixel 8a render. (credit: OnLeaks and Smartprix)

Google's next mid-range phone, the Pixel 8a, is rapidly approaching release. The presumed launch date has always been Google I/O, and that's officially set for May 14. Although the Pixel 8a recently hit the Federal Communications Commission, the box has leaked, and renders have been out since October, we haven't really talked specs.

The ever-reliable Kamila Wojciechowska has a new article for Android Authority detailing some specs for the upcoming device. Apparently, there are some big upgrades planned. The Pixel 7a took a big jump to a 90 Hz display, and the Pixel 8a is encroaching even more into flagship territory with a 120 Hz display. Wojciechowska's source says the Pixel 8a display will be a 6.1-inch, 120 Hz, 2400×1080 OLED panel with an improved 1,400 nits brightness. The display's 120 Hz screen will not only make the phone more competitive here; it will also be a big deal for the Pixel line's recent expansion into India, where 120 Hz is the norm at this price range.

The report says to expect the same camera loadout as the Pixel 7a, along with the newer Google Tensor G3 chip, just like the other Pixel 8 phones. Google doesn't mention it on the spec sheet, but Wojciechowska says internally there is a small difference: It's the same silicon on the A-series, but Google goes with a cheaper, hotter silicon packaging method. So expect some thermal differences.

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FCC bans cable TV industry’s favorite trick for hiding full cost of service

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 7:34pm
A person's hand aiming a cable TV remote control at a TV screen

Enlarge (credit: Getty Images | stefanamer)

Cable and satellite TV companies must start advertising "all-in" prices instead of using hidden fees to conceal the full cost of video service, the Federal Communications Commission said in new rules adopted last week.

The FCC voted to adopt the rules on March 14, and the final text of the order was released yesterday. The rules are aimed in particular at the Broadcast TV and Regional Sports Network fees charged by Comcast and other companies.

For years, TV providers have advertised artificially low prices that don't include such fees. The actual bills received by subscribers thus have prices much higher than the advertised rates.

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Formula 1 chief appalled to find team using Excel to manage 20,000 car parts

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 7:12pm
A pit stop during the Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix in early March evokes how the team's manager was feeling when looking at the Excel sheet that managed the car's build components.

Enlarge / A pit stop during the Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix in early March evokes how the team's manager was feeling when looking at the Excel sheet that managed the car's build components. (credit: ALI HAIDER/POOL/AFP via Getty Images)

There's a new boss at a storied 47-year-old Formula 1 team, and he's eager to shake things up. He's been saying that the team is far behind its competition in technology and coordination. And Excel is a big part of it.

Starting in early 2023, Williams team principal James Vowles and chief technical officer Pat Fry started reworking the F1 team's systems for designing and building its car. It would be painful, but the pain would keep the team from falling even further behind. As they started figuring out new processes and systems, they encountered what they considered a core issue: Microsoft Excel.

The Williams car build workbook, with roughly 20,000 individual parts, was "a joke," Vowles recently told The Race. "Impossible to navigate and impossible to update." This colossal Excel file lacked information on how much each of those parts cost and the time it took to produce them, along with whether the parts were already on order. Prioritizing one car section over another, from manufacture through inspection, was impossible, Vowles suggested.

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Carmakers’ shady data sharing takes spotlight in GM connected car scandal

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 6:22pm
A cartoon of a car, with a straw coming out of its roof, and a cloud coming out of the straw

Enlarge (credit: Aurich Lawson | Getty Images)

Few Ars readers will have been surprised by the news from last week concerning General Motors' connected cars. As The New York Times reported, some owners of vehicles made by General Motors have been having a hard time getting car insurance. The reason? They unwittingly agreed to share their driving data with a third party. Now, at least one driver is suing. If more follow suit, this could be the push the industry needs to do better.

The heart of the problem is one of GM's OnStar connected-car services, called Smart Driver. We've tested it out in the past—it monitors things like how fast you drive, how hard you accelerate and brake, how often you drive at night, and your fuel economy, then uses that data to generate a numerical score from 0 to 100, with a higher number indicating that you're a safer driver.

These kinds of services can be useful—most people think they're great drivers until they start getting independent feedback. And the data that Smart Driver collects really can help you drive more economically and with less risk. But as I noted at the time, I was glad my insurance rates weren't at risk via data sharing with an insurer.

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Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews

Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog - 20 maart 2024 - 3:06pm
On FB, Alex Guerrero noted the dramatic decline in the number of reviews NDPR publishes each year in the last few years, which generated a lively discussion. Here's what happened. Gary and Staci Gutting worked tirelessly (and without much support... Brian Leiter

Intel receives $8.5 billion from US for expanding high-end fab capacity

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 2:35pm
Intel sign

Enlarge (credit: Bloomberg)

Intel will receive $8.5 billion in direct funding and $11 billion in loans from the US government to expand its capacity to make high-end chips as it seeks to reinvent itself as a national champion in the sector and compete with the likes of Taiwan’s TSMC and South Korea’s Samsung.

US President Joe Biden will travel to Intel’s site in Chandler, Arizona, on Wednesday to announce the package, which will go toward building new facilities for the company in the south-western state, as well as in Ohio, New Mexico and Oregon.

Biden’s intervention in Arizona—one of a handful of swing states that will decide the US presidential election pitting him against Donald Trump—comes as the Democratic president is trying to boost his languishing approval ratings on the economy.

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On Berkeley, Kant and perspectivalism

Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog - 20 maart 2024 - 12:02pm
Paul Franks discusses at IAITV. Brian Leiter

Free Coloring Books from Libraries & Museums: Download & Color Thousands of Free Images (2024)

Open Culture - 20 maart 2024 - 10:00am

Launched by The New York Academy of Medicine Library in 2016, Color Our Collections is “an annual coloring festival on social media during which libraries, museums, archives and other cultural institutions around the world share free coloring content featuring images from their collections.” In February, the project released its 2024 archive of coloring books, allowing you to download, print and color thousands of images from 93 libraries and museums. The collection includes submissions from The Newberry Library, the National Library of Medicine, Europeana, the Harley-Davidson Archives, Stanford University Libraries, the Southeast Asia Digital Library and more. Happy coloring!

Note: When you navigate to a specific coloring book within the collection, you may initially encounter a blank section on the page. Please scroll down to locate the actual download link for the coloring book.

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The Public Domain Review: Download & Color Works by Hokusai, Albrecht Dürer, Harry Clarke, Aubrey Beardsley & More" href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/03/free-coloring-books-from-the-public-domain-review-download-color-works-by-hokusai-albrecht-durer-harry-clarke-aubrey-beardsley-more.html" rel="bookmark">Free Coloring Books from The Public Domain Review: Download & Color Works by Hokusai, Albrecht Dürer, Harry Clarke, Aubrey Beardsley & More

180,000 Years of Religion Charted on a “Histomap” in 1943

Open Culture - 20 maart 2024 - 9:00am

For many, even most of us moderns, the central religious choice is a simple one: adhere to the belief system in which you grew up, or stop adhering to it. But if you survey the variety of religions in the world, the situation no longer seems quite so binary; if you then add the variety of religions that have existed throughout human history, it starts looking downright kaleidoscopic. Or rather, it looks something like the faintly psychedelic but also information-rich Histomap of Religion above, created in 1943 by chemist John B. Sparks, whom we’ve previously featured here on Open Culture for his original Histomap depicting 4,000 Years of World History and his subsequent Histomap of Evolution.

The UsefulCharts video below explains Sparks’ Histomap of Religion in detail, but it also cites his Histomap of Evolution, an example of how his worldview fails to align with current perceptions of these subjects. Even the newer Histomap of Religion is by now more than 80 years old, during which time scholarship in religion and related fields has made certain discoveries and clarifications that necessarily go unreflected in Sparks’ work. But if you bear this in mind while looking at the Histomap of Religion, you can still gain a new and useful perspective on how the beliefs that mankind has held highest have changed and intermingled over the millennia.

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The chart begins in prehistory, dividing the then-extant faiths into the categories “magic and fetishism,” “tabu and totemism,” “ancestor worship,” “tribal gods and divine kings,” “propitiation of nature spirits,” and “fertility cults.” Though Sparks’ information may on the whole be “based on theories about the origins of religion which have now been either rejected or at least seriously revised,” explains UsefulCharts creator Matt Baker, “the general ideas expressed by these six types are still somewhat valid.” The expansion and contraction of adherence to these types of early religion through time are reflected by changes in the width of the colored columns that represent them. Follow these columns downward through history, and new, more familiar religions emerge: Taoism, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity both Catholic and Protestant.

Thereafter come other movements and figures perhaps not immediately recognizable as religious in nature: “humanism,” for example, whose representatives include Shakespeare and Rousseau. Later, the ideas of Russian intellectuals Vissarion Belinsky and Alexander Herzen branch off to become, after about a century, the “corrupt philosophy” of communism, with its “God-less propaganda” supporting a “police state aimed at world domination.” Baker objects that, if Sparks counts communism as a religion, then surely he should count capitalism as a religion as well. This is a fair-enough point, though behold this dense chart of “cults, faiths, and ethical philosophies” long enough, and you’ll start to wonder if everything humanity has ever done isn’t, in some sense, ultimately religious in nature.

Related content:

Animated Map Shows How the Five Major Religions Spread Across the World (3000 BC — 2000 AD)

The Tree of Languages Illustrated in a Big, Beautiful Infographic

Joseph Priestley Visualizes History & Great Historical Figures with Two of the Most Influential Infographics Ever (1769)

4000 Years of History Displayed in a 5‑Foot-Long “Histomap” (Early Infographic) From 1931

10 Million Years of Evolution Visualized in an Elegant, 5‑Foot Long Infographic from 1931

Based in Seoul, Colin Marshall writes and broadcasts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter Books on Cities, the book The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles and the video series The City in Cinema. Follow him on Twitter at @colinmarshall or on Facebook.

Wat als ik vanaf nu mijn werk door een AI laat doen?

IusMentis - 20 maart 2024 - 8:15am

Een lezer vroeg me: Ik las: “Een nieuwe Amerikaanse start-up genaamd Cognition heeft een AI-software-engineer ontwikkeld die volgens het bedrijf helemaal autonoom kan werken.” Nu vroeg ik me af: als ik die tool inhuur om mijn werk als engineer te doen, en ik presenteer dat (natuurlijk na enige controle) als eigen werk, neem ik dan een arbeidsrechtelijk risico? Deze tool, ‘Devin’ geheten, zou “complexe engineeringtaken die duizenden beslissingen vergen, kunnen plannen en uitvoeren”, inclusief bijleren en fouten oplossen. De tool is vooralsnog enkel in beta beschikbaar, dus het zal nog even duren voordat deze vraagsteller ermee aan de slag kan.

Is het arbeidsrechtelijk problematisch om een tool in te zetten? Die vraag is redelijk nieuw in het arbeidsrecht. We hebben wel al heel lang het criterium dat je het werk zélf moet doen. Je mag je als werknemer niet zomaar laten vervangen of je werk extern uitbesteden. (Dit is zelfs een van de criteria waarmee zzp’ers van werknemers worden onderscheiden.)

Een tool inzetten om je werk sneller of beter te doen is echter niet hetzelfde als een ander je werk laten doen. Het probleem met AI is natuurlijk dat de grens tussen “een tool” en “iemand anders” aan het vervagen is.

Het arbeidsrecht zou het arbeidsrecht niet zijn als er toch niet ergens een mooie norm ligt. Je kunt bijvoorbeeld kijken naar het instructierecht: de werkgever bepaalt hoe het werk wordt gedaan. Wil die dat jij met Emacs code klopt, dan is dat hoe het gaat – ook al zijn er vi betere tools beschikbaar. Zomaar een externe tool gebruiken in strijd met zo’n instructie is dus een behoorlijk probleem voor de werknemer.

Ook heb je de algemene norm van goed werknemerschap. Zou een normaal werkende werknemer zonder overleg of melding een externe AI tool inzetten? Dat lijkt me niet. Dus behoor je dit te melden. Al is het maar omdat de werkgever dan de risico’s kan inschatten en de kosten kan dragen.

Fundamenteel is dit niet anders bij een AI tool dan zeg bij de keuze voor Emacs. De vraag voor mij is dan ook vooral hoe je dit verborgen zou kunnen houden, het voelt nét iets groter dan die zelfgemaakte macro die het handwerk van de collega’s reduceert tot 5 minuten nalopen van de resultaten.

Arnoud

Het bericht Wat als ik vanaf nu mijn werk door een AI laat doen? verscheen eerst op Ius Mentis.

OER verändern und richtig lizenzieren

iRights.info - 20 maart 2024 - 8:00am

Open Educational Resources lassen sich ohne Einschränkung teilen und bearbeiten. Das führt zu der Frage, was im Kontext von OER als „Bearbeitung“ gilt und welche rechtlichen Folgen sie auslöst. Der Beitrag erklärt die wichtigsten Punkte rund um Bearbeitungen in Bezug auf das Urheberrecht und OER.

Bei OER sind Bearbeitungen regelmäßig erlaubt

Nach einer Definition von Open Educational Resources darf die Allgemeinheit OER nicht nur kostenlos nutzen, sondern auch bearbeiten. Hierfür sorgen offene Lizenzen, mit denen Lernmaterialien zu OER werden (meist Creative Commons-Lizenzen). Offene Lizenzen erlauben es, von anderen Personen erstellte OER nicht nur weiterzugeben, sondern auch zu übersetzen, anzureichern oder zu kürzen und das Ergebnis öffentlich zu teilen. Der „Remix“ von OER ist kein Sonderfall, sondern genau das, was mit „open“ gemeint und gewünscht ist. Dies ist auch der Grund, warum Lizenzen mit Bearbeitungsverbot (ND-Bedingung, „No Derivatives“) nicht als „open“ im Sinne von OER angesehen werden.

Bei nicht frei lizenzierten Materialien („Alle Rechte vorbehalten“) dürfen Bearbeitungen von Werken (bis auf wenige Ausnahmen, etwa die Verfilmung eines Romans) zwar für die eigene Nutzung im Privaten hergestellt werden – aber man muss um Erlaubnis fragen, wenn man das Ergebnis teilen will. Wer zum Beispiel einen fremden Text aus einem Nicht-OER-Schulbuch aus dem Fach Geschichte übersetzt, darf diese Übersetzung nicht in eigene OER einbauen.

Freie Fakten und geschützte Darstellung

Doch was ist eine Bearbeitung, was nicht? Allgemein gesagt versteht das Urheberrecht unter einer Bearbeitung eine Änderung eines Fremdwerks oder eine Übernahme charakteristischer Elemente daraus. Eine „unfreie Bearbeitung“ liegt etwa dann vor, wenn man das Motiv einer fremden, künstlerisch in Szene gesetzten Fotografie mit Öl auf Leinwand nachmalt. Dient hingegen das fremde Motiv nur als Anregung für etwas Eigenständiges, ist dies eine freie Inspiration.

Bei der Erstellung von Lerninhalten geht es meist weniger um künstlerischen Ausdruck als um die Beschreibung von Tatsachen und Erkenntnissen. Und derer darf man sich frei bedienen. Denn Naturgesetze, mathematische Formeln, sprachliche Regeln, Fakten und Informationen usw. sind frei von Urheberrechten. Jeder darf sie in Lehrmaterialien darstellen und erläutern, ohne jemanden um Erlaubnis fragen zu müssen. Erst die Darstellung als solche, also zum Beispiel ein Text über eine Rechenregel, ist ein Werk, das urheberrechtlich geschützt sein kann. In einem Fallbeispiel heißt das: Paraphrasiert eine Lehrerin fremde Lernmaterialien mit physikalischen Phänomenen und Lehren, weil sie es selbst treffender beschreiben oder aufschlussreicher illustrieren kann als die Lernmaterialien, so ist dies ein freier Vorgang.

Beispiele für Bearbeitungen

Typische Fälle von Bearbeitungen sind beispielsweise:

  • Eine Übersetzung von Texten in eine andere Sprache;
  • das Kürzen oder Anreichern fremder Texte (nicht aber eine reine Wiedergabe des Textinhalts, weil dies wiederum eine Darstellung von Fakten ist);
  • eine Kolorierung von Schwarzweiß-Bildern.

Nicht von einer urheberrechtlich relevanten Bearbeitung auszugehen ist in folgenden Fällen:

  • Das Verändern von gemeinfreien Werken, deren Urheberrechte abgelaufen sind;
  • technische Formatänderungen von OER, also zum Beispiel ein JPEG-Bild in eine PNG-File oder eine WAV-Tondatei in ein MP3 umzuwandeln; ebenso das Ändern von Auflösung in Bild oder Ton;
  • das Zusammenstellen oder Aneinanderreihen von Materialien, zum Beispiel ein Band mit mehreren Texten oder ein Bild auf einer Webseite, das in einen Text eingebaut ist. Vorsicht allerdings: Werke zu vermischen ist eine Bearbeitung, etwa wenn man einzelne Bildausschnitte oder Textteile zu einem neuen Text zusammenfügt (Remix, Mash-up, Collagen).

Es gibt noch weitere Grenzfälle. Nennenswert ist hier das leichte Zuschneiden („cropping“) von Bildern. Gerade bei künstlerischen Bildmotiven oder Gestaltungen ist davon auszugehen, dass bereits ein leichtes Cropping eine Bearbeitung darstellt. Bei OER sind derlei Veränderungen wiederum zulässig – sie müssen nur gekennzeichnet werden (siehe im Folgenden).

Welche Lizenzpflichten eine Bearbeitung bei OER auslöst

Dass bei OER Bearbeitungen erlaubt sind, befreit nicht von der Pflicht, den Lizenzhinweis korrekt anzubringen. Wichtig hierbei: Veränderungen sind gemäß CC-Lizenzen gesondert zu kennzeichnen. Ein paar Beispiele veranschaulichen dies:

„Text [verlinkt] von Lehrer X. Übersetzung aus dem Französischen ins Deutsche von Lehrerin Y. Lizenziert unter CC BY-SA 4.0.“ (Wegen „Share Alike“, kurz SA, ist es hier Pflicht, die Übersetzung ebenfalls unter CC-Lizenz zu teilen.)

Oder:

„Bild xy [verlinkt] von Lehrer A, lizenziert unter CC BY-SA 4.0. Leicht zugeschnitten.“

Lässt man sich hingegen bloß inspirieren oder stellt eigenständig Fakten aus anderen OER dar (siehe oben), entsteht ein unabhängiges, eigenständiges Werk. Es müssen also keine Lizenzpflichten eingehalten und keine Lizenzhinweise übernommen werden.

Sofern OER unter CC0 freigegeben sind, muss man übrigens beim Verändern weder etwas beachten noch angeben; um dafür zu sorgen, dass die Bearbeitung ihrerseits zu OER wird, gibt man sie per CC BY, CC BY-SA oder CC0 frei.

Fazit

Bearbeitungen von OER dürfen unter Achtung der Lizenzpflichten geteilt werden. Fremde Materialien (oder sonstige Werke) zur Anregung von etwas Eigenem zu nutzen, ist immer erlaubt und keine Bearbeitung.

 

Hinweis: Dieser Beitrag ist Teil einer Kooperation von iRights.info, dem Deutschen Bildungsserver und OERinfo. Der Text stammt von Fabian Rack, steht unter der Lizenz CC BY 4.0 und wurde zunächst bei OERinfo veröffentlicht.

 

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“Disabling cyberattacks” are hitting critical US water systems, White House warns

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 1:26am
Aerial view of a sewage treatment plant.

Enlarge / Aerial view of a sewage treatment plant. (credit: Getty Images)

The Biden administration on Tuesday warned the nation’s governors that drinking water and wastewater utilities in their states are facing “disabling cyberattacks” by hostile foreign nations that are targeting mission-critical plant operations.

“Disabling cyberattacks are striking water and wastewater systems throughout the United States,” Jake Sullivan, assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, and Michael S. Regan, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, wrote in a letter. “These attacks have the potential to disrupt the critical lifeline of clean and safe drinking water, as well as impose significant costs on affected communities.”

The letter cited two recent hacking threats water utilities have faced from groups backed by hostile foreign countries. One incident occurred when hackers backed by the government of Iran disabled operations gear used in water facilities that still used a publicly known default administrator password. The letter didn’t name the facility by name, but details included in a linked advisory tied the hack to one that struck the Municipal Water Authority of Aliquippa in western Pennsylvania last November. In that case, the hackers compromised a programmable logic controller made by Unitronics and made the device screen display an anti-Israeli message. Utility officials responded by temporarily shutting down a pump that provided drinking water to local townships.

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Rocket launch marks big step in building China’s lunar infrastructure

Ars Technica - 20 maart 2024 - 12:31am
A Long March 8 rocket, standing 165 feet (50 meters) tall, rolled out of its assembly building to its launch pad Sunday at the Wenchang Space Launch Site.

Enlarge / A Long March 8 rocket, standing 165 feet (50 meters) tall, rolled out of its assembly building to its launch pad Sunday at the Wenchang Space Launch Site. (credit: Luo Yunfei/China News Service/VCG via Getty Images)

The next phase of China's Moon program begins with the launch of a new data relay satellite Monday to link lunar landers and rovers on the far side of the Moon with ground controllers back on Earth.

This launch, set for approximately 8:31 pm EDT (00:31 UTC), will send China's Queqiao-2 relay spacecraft toward the Moon, where it will enter an elliptical orbit and position itself for the arrival of China's next robotic lunar lander, Chang'e 6, later this year.

A medium-lift Long March 8 rocket will carry the Queqiao-2 spacecraft aloft from the Wenchang launch base, located on Hainan Island in southern China. This will be the third flight of the kerosene-fueled Long March 8, one of a new generation of Chinese rockets designed to replace older Long March launcher designs burning toxic propellant.

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New philosophy Acquisitions Editor at OUP!

Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog - 19 maart 2024 - 11:31pm
I was very pleased to learn that the new editor (following Peter Momtchiloff's retirement) will be April Peake, who was previously an Associate Editor for Philosophy at OUP (I had the pleasure of working with her then on my Moral... Brian Leiter

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